Humanistic Approach is also called the Phenomenilogical Approach, this evolved as alternative to the pessimism and determinism of the psychodynamic and the behavioristic models. According to humanists, people are neither driven by powerful, instinctive forces nor manipulated by their environments. They are active creatures who are innately good and capable of choice. They strive for growth and development of their potentials, seek change, and plan restructure their lives to achieve optimal self-fulfillment.
In sharp contrast to the behaviorist, the humanistic psychologist focuses on the phenomenal world experienced by the individuals, rather that the objective world seen by external observes and researchers. Unlike the cognitive oriented psychologists who search for general laws that govern people's perceptions and decisions, the humanistic psychologists delve on immediate, individual experience.
The theory gave rise to encounter groups and other types personal growth groups in the 1960s and 1970s. The three important contributors were Carl Rogers, Rollo May and Abraham Maslow. Rogers emphasized the individual's natural tendency toward psychological growth and health, and the importance of a positive self-concept in this process. May integrated some aspects of existential philosophy into his new psychological approach. Existentialism emphasizes an individual's free will and his search for meaning or purpose in life. Maslow postulated the need for self-actualization and studied the characteristics of people he judged to be actualized. The humanistic approach expands the realm of psychology beyond the confines of science to include valuable lessons learned from the study of literature, history and the arts. In this way psychology becomes a more complete discipline that balances the empirical and the non-empirical, imaginative approaches. This unification hopes to see the two usually divergent human realms of the science and the humanities together.
Sunday, January 30, 2011
PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH
Rooted in Freudian psychoanalysis, this approach assumes that all behavior and mental processes reflect the psychological struggles deeply-seated in the unconscious. Usually, these struggles involve conflict between the impulse to satisfy instincts or wishes, for example, for food, sex, or aggression, and the need to follow the standards imposed by society, From this perspective, hostility and aggression are viewed as the consequence of the breakdown of defenses against the expression of primitive urges, while anxiety and depression are possibly the overt signs of inner turmoil.
The psychodynamic approach is reflected in a number of contemporary theories of personality, psychological disorders, and therapy. Most psychologists today, however, prefer any one of the many revised versions of Frued's theory, to name a few, the analytic psychology of Carl Jung, theindividual psychology of Alfred Adler , the feminist personality theory of Karen Horney and the object relations theory of Melanie Klein.
The psychodynamic approach is reflected in a number of contemporary theories of personality, psychological disorders, and therapy. Most psychologists today, however, prefer any one of the many revised versions of Frued's theory, to name a few, the analytic psychology of Carl Jung, theindividual psychology of Alfred Adler , the feminist personality theory of Karen Horney and the object relations theory of Melanie Klein.
COGNITIVE APPROACH
I learned that Cognitive approach focuses on the mental processing of information. Cognitive psychologists study how we gather, encode, and store information from our environment using such mental processes as perception, memory, imagery, concept formation, problem solving, reasoning, decision making and language. If you were listening to a friend describing his rock climbing adventure, a cognitive psychologist would be interested in how you decode the meaning of his words, how you form mental images of the jagged and slippery rocks, how you integrate the impressions of his experience in your previous concepts of rock climbing and so on.
Cognitive psychologist take what is called an information processing approach in their studies, an approach based on the idea that humans are like computers in that both take in information, process it, and produce a response. In fact, cognitive psychologist often express models of human thought processes with techniques used in the computer sciences, such as flowcharts (diagrams with arrows leading from one box to successive others) and mathematical formulas.
Cognitive psychologist take what is called an information processing approach in their studies, an approach based on the idea that humans are like computers in that both take in information, process it, and produce a response. In fact, cognitive psychologist often express models of human thought processes with techniques used in the computer sciences, such as flowcharts (diagrams with arrows leading from one box to successive others) and mathematical formulas.
Wednesday, December 29, 2010
BEHAVIORAL APPROACH
Behaviorism, also called the learning perspective, is a philosophy of psychology based on the proposition that all things that organism do (including acting, feeling and thinking) can and should be regarded as behavior.
When we learn, we are acquiring new knowledge, behaviors, skills, values, or preferences and may involve synthesizing diff. types of information. The ability to learn is possessed by humans, animals and some machines. Progress over time tends to follow learning curves.
Using the simplest or most frugal route of explanation available is called "Parsimony". The word Parsimony comes from the Middle English parcimony, from the latin word parsimonia.
EDWARD LEE THORNDIKE was born August 31, 1874, died in August 9, 1949 at the age of 74 yrs old.
He is an American Psychologist who spent nearly his entire career at Teachers College, Columbia University.
He works on animal behavior and the learning process led to the theory of connectionism and helped lay the scientific foundation for modern educational psychology.
I learned that Associationism is the idea that mental processes operate by the association of one state with its successor states.
Edward Lee Thorndike published The Law of Effect in 1950 and it contains that when an S-R association is established in instrumental conditioning between the instrumental response and the contextual stimuli that are presents, the response is reinforced and the S-R association holds the sole responsibility for the occurrence of that behavior.
The law of effect provided a framework for psychologist B. F. Skinner almost half a century later on the principles of operant conditioning. Skinner would later use an updated version of Throndike’s puzzle box and contribute greater to our perception and understanding of the law of effect today and how it relates to operant conditioning, “a learning process by which the effect, or consequence, of a response influences the future rate of production of that response.”
I adopted that Behaviorist Approach focuses in learning, changes in behavior because of experience.
It excludes the changes due to fatigue, injury and drugs.
When we learn, we are acquiring new knowledge, behaviors, skills, values, or preferences and may involve synthesizing diff. types of information. The ability to learn is possessed by humans, animals and some machines. Progress over time tends to follow learning curves.
Using the simplest or most frugal route of explanation available is called "Parsimony". The word Parsimony comes from the Middle English parcimony, from the latin word parsimonia.
EDWARD LEE THORNDIKE was born August 31, 1874, died in August 9, 1949 at the age of 74 yrs old.
He is an American Psychologist who spent nearly his entire career at Teachers College, Columbia University.
He works on animal behavior and the learning process led to the theory of connectionism and helped lay the scientific foundation for modern educational psychology.
I learned that Associationism is the idea that mental processes operate by the association of one state with its successor states.
Edward Lee Thorndike published The Law of Effect in 1950 and it contains that when an S-R association is established in instrumental conditioning between the instrumental response and the contextual stimuli that are presents, the response is reinforced and the S-R association holds the sole responsibility for the occurrence of that behavior.
The law of effect provided a framework for psychologist B. F. Skinner almost half a century later on the principles of operant conditioning. Skinner would later use an updated version of Throndike’s puzzle box and contribute greater to our perception and understanding of the law of effect today and how it relates to operant conditioning, “a learning process by which the effect, or consequence, of a response influences the future rate of production of that response.”
I adopted that Behaviorist Approach focuses in learning, changes in behavior because of experience.
It excludes the changes due to fatigue, injury and drugs.
Wednesday, December 8, 2010
My insights about the topic "BIOLOGICAL APPROACH" .
Biological Approach is the study of mind and body ..
I learned that many systems are functioning while we are alive ...
The mind or the brain is giving the command and the body is the doer ...
While inside are body, there is many organism who is in charge of delivering the message from the brain to the body and they all have their own function ...
Like the sensory neuron they are responsible for converting external stimuli from the environment into internal stimuli ..
The motor neuron that project their axons outside the CNS and directly or indirectly control muscles.
The inter neuron is a multipolar neuron which connects afferent neuronsand efferent neurons in neural pathways ..
I also learned what drugs can do to us ...
Some drugs can help us in our daily life ...
But many of it is giving us some suddenly happiness ..
Like MARIJUANA, it give s us the strength that we need but when we are always relying to that drugs ..
We can harm ourselves ..
We studied the Physical Basis of Behavior because it is important to us ..
It teach us how to know the traits or characteristics of a person ...
Like a criminal ...
We can't see to the physical appearance of a criminal ...
We will find his/her behavior so that we will know that the person we are talking is a criminal ..
In heredity ...
We know that the we can get the genes of our parents because we our their children ...
But some of us gets the genes of our grandparents ...
These are the list of DOMINANT TRAITS :
Brown or Dark Eyes
Dark or Brunette hair
Curly hair
Normal Hair
Normal Color Vision
Normal sight
Normal hearing
Normal skin color
Normal Blood
list of RECESSIVE TRAITS :
Blue or light-colored eyes
Light, blonde, or red hair
Straight Hair
Baldness
Color Blindness
Night Blindness
Congenital deafness
Albinism
Hemophilia
Genetics Abnormalities is one of the most interesting developments in behavior genetics research involves identifying the specific genes that produce certain disorders and behaviors, some of which had previously been thought to be influenced by one's environment.
I learned that many systems are functioning while we are alive ...
The mind or the brain is giving the command and the body is the doer ...
While inside are body, there is many organism who is in charge of delivering the message from the brain to the body and they all have their own function ...
Like the sensory neuron they are responsible for converting external stimuli from the environment into internal stimuli ..
The motor neuron that project their axons outside the CNS and directly or indirectly control muscles.
The inter neuron is a multipolar neuron which connects afferent neuronsand efferent neurons in neural pathways ..
I also learned what drugs can do to us ...
Some drugs can help us in our daily life ...
But many of it is giving us some suddenly happiness ..
Like MARIJUANA, it give s us the strength that we need but when we are always relying to that drugs ..
We can harm ourselves ..
We studied the Physical Basis of Behavior because it is important to us ..
It teach us how to know the traits or characteristics of a person ...
Like a criminal ...
We can't see to the physical appearance of a criminal ...
We will find his/her behavior so that we will know that the person we are talking is a criminal ..
In heredity ...
We know that the we can get the genes of our parents because we our their children ...
But some of us gets the genes of our grandparents ...
These are the list of DOMINANT TRAITS :
Brown or Dark Eyes
Dark or Brunette hair
Curly hair
Normal Hair
Normal Color Vision
Normal sight
Normal hearing
Normal skin color
Normal Blood
list of RECESSIVE TRAITS :
Blue or light-colored eyes
Light, blonde, or red hair
Straight Hair
Baldness
Color Blindness
Night Blindness
Congenital deafness
Albinism
Hemophilia
Genetics Abnormalities is one of the most interesting developments in behavior genetics research involves identifying the specific genes that produce certain disorders and behaviors, some of which had previously been thought to be influenced by one's environment.
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